作者

張德文

摘要

人類自遠古以來，即嘗試開創適宜居住的環境，而水利和交通建設的經驗更成為現代土木工程學的重要基石。鐵路與公路是近代主要的交通建設，其課題包羅萬象，與大地工程學有關的更屬廣泛，舉凡路基承載、擋土穩定、隧道箱涵、橋樑基礎的規劃、設計、分析、施工乃至管理，無一不與大地工程有關，說鐵公路工程為大地工程之母實不為過。21世紀初的資訊交通雖可藉由電子傳訊完成，然人員來往仍需仰賴傳統的基礎建設，當然，硬體設備與構築方式也非一成不變，例如高速鐵路、捷運和輕軌系統的開發、材料和工法的突破、設計方法的更新，乃至資訊和環保技術的衝擊，再在影響著新世代的地工技術，因此，「鐵公路與大地工程」再度成為本刊的主題。
一年半前受基金會所託，著手進行邀稿時，便深感主題內容廣泛、不易週全，礙於篇幅所限，難免有遺珠之憾，考慮再三，終於研定了高鐵、高雄捷運、公路路基、路堤耐震、擋土技術、管理資訊系統和施工實務等議題，蒙各方熱情迴響共收錄文章七篇。其中，由台灣高鐵公司楊恒偉博士等人所撰的「鐵路建設與西部沖積平原大地工程之問題與建議」探討地層液化與地滑對鐵路選線以及設計所造成的影響，該文除說明地震對鐵路設施破壞的案例與特性外，並以實例分析討論改善土層滲透性的效益，建議應對抗液化和地滑的基礎設計課題再做深入研究。對於高速鐵路所引致的地盤振動問題，中華顧問工程司沈怡君小姐等人的文章提供數種減振技術供讀者參考，該文除介紹四種不同高鐵系統之主要振動特性，亦指出減振方案尚須針對實際之行車振動頻譜特性進行考量，方能竟全功。
由高雄市捷運局胡海潮副總工程司所撰的「高雄捷運的地工問題與解決建議」乙文介紹了包括液化、鹽害等12項的地工問題、背景與解決方式，其中海港型都市所遇到的特殊地工問題處理方式值得注意。路基技術的應用為大地工程之重要課題，本期另收錄乙篇由中興大學林炳森教授等人所介紹的「公路路基技術」，該文除簡介路基功能、常見試驗方法及發展，說明改善軟弱土層路基承載力不足的各項方法外，並以實例討論其可行性，其中有關路基擋土工法的介紹更與成功大學黃景川教授等人所撰的「公路擋土系統在強震下之變位與補強對策」乙文相關。921集集地震作用後，台灣各地山區路段經常顯現坍方與破壞現象，對於挖填之新建或既有道路的耐震性，本文不啻提供了乙帖良方，該文建議以結構變形分析針對現有填土路段的擋土系統加以耐震分析，並研擬震後搶修計劃，或施予大口徑土釘補強，以減少震災。近年來，資訊技術在土木工程上的應用蓬勃發展，由中央大學林志棟教授等人所撰文的「公路管理地理資訊系統的建立」便提供了GIS在公路管理上的應用實例。該文介紹地理資訊系統在路網層級管理、養護、維修決策上可提供的協助，其中資料庫、電子地圖等相關技術的應用對傳統地工技術實務亦深具意義，吾人可由該文一窺資訊技術與專業知識結合的市場潛力。
國工局洪松茂副總工程司等人所提供的「公路穿越縱貫鐵路明挖托底工法設計之探討」乙文似乎為本期主題的七篇論文做了一個完美的結語，該文簡介公路、鐵路交會處施工所採用的工程樑托底工法，對於設計的考量、構想與評估有深入的介紹，同時亦以高速公路竹南段的實例說明相關問題處理方式，並提出完善建議。本期另收錄兩篇由胡邵敏博士和歐來成總工程司所提供的「深開挖工區湧水災變之緊急搶救與止水補強實例」論文，第一篇為「災變緣由與搶救經過」，第二篇則介紹「止水補強設計與施工」，該論文詳實地記錄了工程災變現象、原因、應變方式、監測、措施檢討，並提供灌漿設計與施工的考量與檢驗。後事不忘前事師，此災變的經驗值得吾人學習記取。
出版之際，適逢中國工程師學會會刊亦以「公共工程執行現況與展望」為主題，介紹了台灣國道、公路、高鐵、鐵路與水利工程建設的現況，兩相對照，更突顯出本期主題的意義重大。鐵公路工程與地工技術有關的部份範圍廣泛，疏漏不及之處，尚祈讀者見諒。本刊順利出版，編者在此謹向論文作者、審稿委員，以及基金會行政人員的協助致最大謝忱和敬意。

作者

蔡攀鰲

摘要

英文篇名

GEOTECHNICAL ISSUES & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE WEST ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF TAIWAN

作者

楊恆偉、汪植華、秦中天

關鍵字

液化、土層滑移、隧道、活動斷層、差異沉陷

摘要

鐵路建設由於軌道的平順度要求甚高以及鐵路營運安全要求較嚴，相較於公路或一般建築，在鐵路建設中對於基礎承載力設計所採用的安全係數也相對提高，允許沉陷量也更為嚴格。除此，鐵路設施之基礎工程設計其實並無太大的不同，相對的，如何透徹瞭解工址既存的大地工程問題及提出更為經濟有效的對策予以解決才是我們著力的支撐與努力的方向。
台灣地震頻繁，西部平原有數條活動斷層貫穿其間，對於線型的鐵路建設來說將無可避免的面臨斷層錯動與土壤液化及其衍生的問題。為了客觀的瞭解這些大地工程問題對鐵路工程的影響，本文首先整理了過去世界上十數次主要地震對於鐵路設施破壞的案例並分析其型式，其次再針對這典型的破壞型式佐以實例，從分析方法上及工程應用上提出建議以補現有設計規範之不足。

英文摘要

Besides higher safety standard and less tolerable differential settlement, the approach of foundation design for railway infrastructure shares the same principle as for highway and high-rise building. As such, the key of geotechnical engineering work for railway construction is to identify the geotechnical hazards along the route and generate proper engineering solutions to mitigate or minimize the risk. Considering the characteristics of the geological conditions in the west alluvial plain of Taiwan, soil instability induced by earthquake will be the major geotechnical concern. This paper starts with review of railway damages occurred in 20 earthquakes with magnitude higher than 6 in Richter scale to understand the causes and patterns of railway damage during earthquake. The conclusion is ground movement caused by liquefaction and fault offset is the main reason resulting in railway damage and it is likely to happen in the west alluvial plain of Taiwan. At end, this paper uses a case to analyze ground instability caused by liquefaction and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures.

英文篇名

GEOTECHNICAL MITIGATION MEASURES FOR GROUND VIBRATIONS INDUCED BY HIGH SPEED TRAINS

作者

沈怡君、顏彬任、倪勝火

關鍵字

高速鐵路、地盤振動、振動規準、振動防治

摘要

高鐵行車引致之振動近年來引起工程師之研究興趣，一則希望瞭解其引致地盤之振動特性與大小，另則藉瞭解其特性以研究振動防治之對策。本文介紹目前世界上採用之四種高鐵系統之主要振動特性，並蒐集一些目前國外常使用之數種地工減振技術工法，探討其減振效果及其適用性，提供將來工程應用之參考。

英文摘要

The ground vibrations induced by high-speed train have drawn engineer’s interest in recent years. The engineers need to study the vibration characteristics, which include frequency contents and vibration level, to find the vibration mitigation measures. This paper introduces the characteristics of ground vibrations induced by four high speed train systems, and reviews many approaches that have been suggested to be used for ground vibration mitigations. The effectiveness and applications of these vibration reduction methods are also discussed.

英文篇名

KEY PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN KAOHSIUNG MRT SYSTEM

作者

胡海潮

關鍵字

民間投資興建公共工程、液化、鹽害、鋼製連續壁、SRC連續壁

摘要

本文介紹高雄大都會區捷運的大地工程條件以及其潛在的問題，該等問題約有對鄰近建築物之影響、液化、鹽害…等等十餘種，隨即針對問題介紹世界的先進施工技術與實例；高雄捷運計畫採用民間參與的方式，傳統手法﹙包括設計與施工﹚對她的束縛將不致過強，介紹現代施工方法、使用此種施工方法的核心、以及解決問題的思想結構或能刺激創新的靈感。刺激創新的巧思以提升工程之效能及安全，使用資源更有效率，平順快速建造起高雄捷運皆是此計畫的特色與本文之目的。

英文摘要

This paper introduces the geotechnical conditions and describes the potential problems for mass rapid transit system in Kaohsiung metropolitan. The problems may include the effect of adjacent building, liquefaction, salt pollution, …and other ten kinds. Proceeded the modern construction methods are introduced. The privatized infrastructure is used in this project. The constrained of conventions included design and construction will not so strong. Introducing the modern construction method, using the core of the construction method, and thinking structure of problem solving may stimulate the inspiration of innovation. Stimulating the inspiration of innovation to upgrade the efficiency and safety in the engineering; using the resources more efficiently, smoothly, and rapidly to construct the MRT in Kaohsiung are the characteristics of this project and the final propose of this paper.

英文篇名

THE GEOTECHNICAL TECHNOLOGY OF SUBGRADE

作者

林炳森、張啟文、呂金彥、林商裕

關鍵字

路基、土壤改良、土壤加勁、發泡級聚苯乙烯輕質回填材料

摘要

路基土壤為路面設計時須考慮的一項重要因素，亦是決定鋪面厚度之基礎，因此需進行土壤承載力試驗來測試路基之工程性質。若遇軟弱土層，則須視現地之情形，採取適當方式處理。本文就路基之功能、常見試驗方法及發展作一簡介，並介紹軟弱土層中路基承載力不足之解決方法，如提高土壤承載力-土壤加勁、減少荷重-輕質土壤等，最後再就國內利用發泡級聚苯乙烯（EPS）作為路基材料與土壤加勁以穩定路基之案例作一探討。

英文摘要

Subgrade soil, an essential factor in the road design, is often used to determine the thickness of the pavement. Since, it is involved in a series of soil strength tests, the manipulation of weak soil is required to deal with a suitable method basing on the field situation. Thus, this article aims to introduce the functions, the methods and the development of the tests for subgrade. In addition, the solutions to insufficient bearing capacity in weak soil subgrade are also introduced, such as increasing soil capacity by soil reinforcement, and decreasing loading by lightweight soil. Moreover, the case studies on the lightweight of EPS embankment and reinforced earth are also presented in this paper.

英文篇名

METHOD OF ESTIMATING AND MINIMIZING DISPLACEMENT FOR SOIL RETAINING WALLS AGAINST STRONG GROUND MOTIONS

作者

黃景川、陳昱宏、周禮輝

關鍵字

擋土牆、斜坡、地震、變位、加勁路堤、土釘

摘要

本研究進行921集集大地震中損壞之邊坡上路堤及擋土牆系統之調查，並發展公路路堤擋土系統之地震中穩定性及變位計算新方法。本研究以傳統之擋土牆土壓力，及基礎承載力理論驗証此一新擬靜態分析法(Psuedo-static analysis)正確性。本研究並將此一擬靜態分析法結合Newmark之滑動塊體理論以計算擋土牆及路堤在地震中之變位。計算結果可合理解釋地震中受損擋土系統之位移現象。本文並介紹一系列振動台試驗，以了解後靠式擋土牆、加勁式擋土牆及土釘加勁式擋土牆之耐震性。試驗結果顯示採用加勁路堤可明顯提高邊坡上擋土系統之耐震性。而採用大口徑土釘對於現有後靠式擋土牆之主動破壞區及承載力破壞區施以適當之補強，可以大大提昇擋土牆之耐震能力，做為現存擋土構造物之耐震補強有效工法。本文並建議，以新發展之變位分析工具篩檢現有防災上重要公路之耐震性較差之土堤及擋土牆，並配合大口徑土釘之耐震補強措施，以建立公路之早期防災及救災計畫。

英文摘要

Effects of reinforcement and soil nailing to the seismic stability of soil retaining walls are investigated based on the results of a series of shaking table tests on model retaining walls. A new psuedo-static method for analyzing the displacements of soil embankments and retaing walls are developed. The method for displacement analysis developed in this study provides accurate results, and is proved to be an effective tool for evaluating possible damages of highway embankments and soil retaing walls induced by major earthquakes.

英文篇名

THE CREATION OF A HIGHWAY MANAGEMENT GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

作者

林志棟、張其教、姚志廷

關鍵字

優選排序、決策支援系統、路面管理系統

摘要

在路政管理的領域，路面管理地理資訊系統是資訊系統的一種，它除扮演著交易處理的角色（例如路面狀況變化記錄、施工記錄等），同時也須扮演著決策支援的角色（例如路段養護優先順位的排列）。然而隨著目前網際網路風行全世界，傳統路面管理系統的工作型態也需逐漸地轉型，使路面管理的資訊能突破時空限制，將遠端內容正確資訊能即時地傳遞，將路面資料分析後之實際狀況於網路上告知民眾，此種運作型態，則需要一種可跨越時空使用的工作流程管理系統，以確保路政機構原有的正常運作，其中以Internet/Intranet方式所建構的系統架構更符合需求。本研究便是欲建立路面網級養護管理地理資訊系統。

英文摘要

In the arena of pavement management, GIS pavement network maintenance management is one kind of information system. Not only does it play the role of transaction (e.g. records of pavement condition changes, records of work construction and so forth) but also the supportive role of policy-making (e.g. the prioritized order of pavement maintenance). However, with the formidable omnipresence of Internet, the traditional pattern of pavement network maintenance management has to be gradually transformed. With the transformation, the information of pavement network maintenance would be boundless, and analyzed application situation would be publicized on Internet since correct information could be transmitted immediately. Therefore, a function pattern like this would require a boundless work process management system ensuring previous strong function, and a system established via Internet/Intranet would perfectly meet this demand. This paper was written to address the issue of GIS pavement network maintenance management.

英文篇名

STUDY OF OPENCUT-UNDERPINNING DESIGN FOR THE HIGHWAY CROSSED BY THE RAILWAY

作者

洪松茂、高耀宏、歐志忠

關鍵字

托底工法、工程梁明挖工法、管幕工法、推進工法

摘要

對於公路穿越鐵路橫交工程結構，除採高架橋跨越外，另一方法即為下穿方式。惟下穿箱涵施工之同時仍須確保縱貫鐵路通車營運需求及行車安全，因此除在工法設計與施工管理上須要格外謹慎外，更必須與鐵路局相關單位充分協調配合，以確保安全與工期掌控。本文主要以明挖托底工法為主軸，將相關工法評估與設計作一完整彙集，並說明與鐵路局相關單位界面協調之重點及設計注意事項，最後並舉一個設計實例說明完整設計過程，期能提供後續相關工程設計之參考。

英文摘要

How to choose a suitable structural type is designed regarding a highway crossed by a railway? One way is adopting overpass, the other one is under through. When construction of latter is carried out, smooth of operation and safety of transport must be ensured. For these reasons, besides full care of design and management of construction must be given close attention, a full coordination with the related unit of Taiwan Railway Bureau is crucially important. This article is mainly about using open cut and underpinning method to solve this engineering problem. There is a complete collection of information regarding design and construction of this method, points to pay attention regarding interface coordination and attentive matter of design between designer and Railway Bureau and a complete design case. The objective of this presentation is to provide reference to all who are concerned when similar designs are encountered in the future.

英文篇名

A CASE HISTORY ON STOPPAGE OF WATER INGRESS FROM A DEEP EXCAVATION SITE

作者

胡邵敏、歐來成

關鍵字

深開挖、鑽孔、松山二層、湧水、止水灌漿、砂石回填、回灌水、地層改良灌漿、支撐補強

摘要

本文記述民國83年11月15日台北都會區捷運系統南港線CN252標西門站工程湧水災變，搶修及止水補強之過程。全文分二部份，本文為第一部份，描述承商因在工區內鑽孔安裝水壓計，在松山二層內遇大量地下水上湧，帶出大量泥砂，雖經緊急止水無效，中華路及連續壁出現嚴重沉陷，乃以土石回填、灌水平衡及適時使用地層灌漿固結，力挽工區於坍塌邊緣。文內並詳述災變時之各項監測資料，比較湧水前後之變化。針對湧水區之地層特性及地下水狀況，闡明湧水之成因，最後對各項緊急搶修措施之成效作事後檢討。

英文摘要

In 1994, during the construction of the Nankang Line, Taipei MRT, a unique event of water ingress was accidentally encountered at the Westgate Station Site of contract CN252. The Contractor with the intention to replace a faulty piezometer drilled a hole down to a depth of 20.5 m from the bottom of a 24.5 m deep excavation site induced large amount of water outflow with running sand, causing cracks and settlement on the adjacent Chung Hwa Road, and movement on the retaining system. To save the site from the verge of collapse, emergency measures such as gravel backfill, water filling, ground improvement by cement grouting, additional struts and seal-off grouting etc. were applied timely at various stage of remedy. This Paper which consists of two parts describes the complete history of the water ingress event. Part 1 as reported herein covers its occurrence, ground condition assessment, emergency actions and their considerations. Instrumentation data are presented to show the responses of ground movement. Finally a review comment on the measures used is given. The design and construction processes of the seal-off grouting prior to work resume will be reported and discussed in Part 2, in an accompanied Paper.

英文篇名

A CASE HISTORY ON STOPPAGE OF WATER INGRESS FROM A DEEP EXCAVATION SITE(PART 2: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEAL-OFF GROUTING)

作者

胡邵敏、歐來成

關鍵字

豎管式灌漿工法、馬歇管灌漿工法、低壓灌漿、水泥皂土漿液、阻隔牆、LW灌漿法、地層上浮、地層改良、降水測試

摘要

本文繼續記述前文第一部份湧水事件在採取緊急措施後，工區崩坍危機解除，後續灌漿工作之設計與施工。灌漿是為封堵湧水孔及改良已被淘砂擾動之地層而作。文內詳述此次灌漿規畫考量、分區原則、孔位佈置、施灌深度、材料配比、施灌壓力及施灌之順序過程。同時亦述及在施灌過程中，為克服中間柱及水平支撐上浮問題而採取之應變措施。灌漿區最後經取樣試驗及降水測試後證明效果良好。結論中強調此次灌漿所獲之寶貴經驗，並由此次湧水事件所得之教訓，建議工程界日後在進行深開挖工程時，應更重視大地工程師之角色。

英文摘要

This Article is the Part 2 of the previous Paper on the water ingress event occurred at the CN252 site. The site which was temporarily stable after the emergency measures under-taken, still required complete sealing off of all water paths, drilled holes and soil strengthening below the excavation grade prior to work resume. Described in details herein, are the design considerations and grouting processes used; it covers the objectives and zoning of grouting, grout holes layout, grout depth of each zone, mixture of grouts, grouting pressure specified and sequence of work. To overcome the upheaval of king posts and struts due to injection of grout into the confined area, many modifications on grouting processes have been applied. Finally, laboratory tests results of drilled samples and still water tests in the grouted area proved that the grouting work is effective. The concluding remarks emphasize the invaluable experience achieved from the grouting work and the lessons learned from this event. The necessity of placing more weight onto the role of geotechnical engineers in deep excavation projects are also stressed.
KEY WORDS：grouting with standpipes, tube-a’-manchette grouting technique, low pressure grouting, cement-bentonite mixture, cut-off wall, LW (labile waserglas) grout method, ground upheaval, soil improvement, still water test.