作者

何泰源

摘要

受到新建結構物施工之周邊地層位移影響，以致鄰近既有結構物之安全性或功能性有疑慮的工程施工，謂之「鄰近施工」，英文字意有採Adjacent Construction、 Neighboring Construction 及 Close Construction 等用法，過去國內工程界亦有沿用日本專業術語 「近接施工」之用法。在人口及建物密集之都會區為主的地下結構工程建設，諸如建築物地下室或基礎、高架橋基樁、捷運隧道、大型上下水道或地下管道等之地上以及地下結構物，未來勢必經常遭遇毗鄰既有結構物之環境下施工，所面臨的施工條件愈益嚴苛，為期在既有結構物不受到有害影響下，安全且合理的進行新建工程之調查、設計、施工以及維護管理等，編輯委員會特規劃出版本專輯，以饗廣大讀者之殷切需求。
鄰近施工是引致建設公害的主因之一，包括地層變形、結構物損壞、噪音振動及地下水位降低等，均可能造成環境負面影響，因此「鄰近施工」是近來大地工程範疇相當重視的新課題。以捷運工程為例，施工階段常須保護沿線之鄰近建物，至完工營運階段反受沿線新建物開發之影響，兩者形成複雜的互制關係。為達到營運安全、減少建設公害及降低民怨糾紛之目標，如何先施以防範措施，以降低建物日後所受災損，在建物的全生命週期內均有探討之必要，目前已逐漸發展成一門有價值的新技術領域。惟因鄰近施工檢討程序中存有許多不確定性，包括建物容許變形值不易認定、變形分析方法尚未有一致定論、地層及既有建物變形量不易預估等因素，加以既有結構物管理者所持立場差異，有關設計及施工之檢討內容，常須採各方事先協議之方式辦理，也必須參考過去工程實績資料等做為協商之依據。
本期很榮幸邀請到台北市捷運局常歧德局長以「鄰近施工－技術挑戰，風險管控」為題 撰寫贈言。有關本期內容之規劃構想，係考慮在鄰近施工之實施流程上，調查階段即應確立其鄰近施工之主要檢討項目，在設計階段進行程度分級、施工影響評估方法與各項因應對策工法，及施工階段極為重要的監測作業與管理，上述以「鄰近施工」之實施要點為主題之論文共收錄五篇，包含「大地工程鄰近施工之課題與對策」、「鄰近工程地盤變位量及既有結構物損害潛能評估」、「鄰近施工之管理及工法對策」、「托底工法設計與施工及案例探討」、「鄰近施工機具之選用及適用性探討」；以「鄰近施工」之管理制度為主題之論文共收錄二篇，包含「臺北捷運沿線禁限建管理制度與實例」、「高鐵鄰近施工申請及管制措施」；以「鄰近施工」之實例為主題之論文共收錄三篇，包含「臺北捷運鄰近施工之案例回顧與省思」、「多條隧道鄰近交會堆疊之施工管理－以捷運新莊線CK570H區段標為例」、「高雄捷運潛盾隧道鄰近施工案例探討」。至於鄰近施工常須探討之工程風險管理，則請參閱第119期。
以上十篇文章均能以豐富的實務經驗、 珍貴的工程實例以及深入淺出的筆觸，大大充實了本專輯之內容，實非一般教科書所可及。編者謹在此對各篇作者、審查者以及參與編輯之先生小姐表達最高之謝意。

作者

常岐德

摘要

承陳董事長之邀，希望於此期「鄰近施工」專輯中撰寫贈言，深感榮幸。第二次世界大戰以後，由於小汽車之使用日益普及，人口都市化之現象日益顯著，但市區道路建設卻無法隨著都市發展呈等比例之增加，因此，都市交通擁塞嚴重，成為都市發展之主要問題之一。大眾運輸系統適時應運而生，因其具有專用路權，不受道路擁塞影響，能作大量且快速運輸之特性，故大眾運輸系統之引進常被視為是突破都市發展瓶頸，促進都市活動機能之良好策略。然由於都會區發展飽和，在有限的空間下，大眾運輸系統路線規劃不但與既有結構物相當靠近，且須以立體方式向上或向下發展，其施工對鄰近既有結構物影響勢必相當大，故所謂「鄰近施工」即對此毗鄰既有結構物之保護與其功能維持，如何於規劃設計與施工階段作特殊考量。
都會區之捷運系統因要達到疏解人潮、促進地方繁榮的目標，其路線皆沿都會區主要運輸走廊佈設，部分穿越既有結構物或建物下方。臺北都會區捷運路網除依上述原則佈設外，還受台北盆地曾為湖泊之大地特性影響，故規劃設計需考慮該特性對捷運工程之影響。換言之，路網會有部分工址位於地下水位下之軟弱土層，部份位於斷層帶內、部份穿越建物或河流下方、部分毗鄰既有結構物、部分需穿越且敲除既有結構物，增加工程之複雜性與困難度，加上工址交維諸多條件之限制下，更是提高了施工風險。為減少施工風險之發生，施工能順利、如期、如質、安全推動，本局陸續引進風險管理，加強施工中高風險工項管控，已獲良好成效。本局於設計階段即要求細部設計顧問須對該工程之高風險工項提出研析，並納入施工規範中要求施工廠商落實高風險工作項目之管控機制，廠商應於施工前提出施工計畫、危機應變計畫及制定高危險工項之開、竣工管制表及施工查核表等。工程處再邀廠商、細部設計顧問、學者專家檢討契約內高危險工項，涵蓋施工標環境特性、鄰近建物狀況、地質狀況、採用工法、廠商自主品管能力等綜合考量評估分析其潛在之風險性，比較其發生機率及危害程度嚴重性後分類其風險等級，並經核可後始能開始施作；施工時依風險等級定期查核檢視，且依管控檢討結果適時修正檢核點或視必要調整風險等級，最後查證確認該高風險工項完成且無安全疑慮後提報審議核定後才解除列管。
鄰近施工會面臨多項高風險工項，從技術上而言，所有的風險都是可監控或降低的，但如何防範未然並降低可能對品質、時程、成本、安全等之影響程度，風險管理的有效推動顯然十分重要。本局於初期南港線穿越北門古蹟下方、內湖線穿越松山機場下方、新莊線穿越台高鐵下方、松山線穿越惠通橋、地下停車場及台高鐵下方，皆是以全面性施工風險管理手段全面掌控外，更建立「風險管理資訊平台」，以期有效管理工程之各項風險。
經上述說明，臺北捷運施工時已有嚴謹鄰近建物保護措施，然爾後該鄰近建物之改建或其他鄰近工程之施工對捷運設施安全之影響也極為重要；為避免開挖變形造成電聯車營運受損，故新加坡、香港及日本等國家皆有成立專責機構，針對各種鄰近施工訂有嚴謹設計準則或施工規範，並管理捷運系統兩側工程開發工程，促使捷運系統之安全得以確保，本國雖有「大眾捷運系統兩側禁建限建辦法」作初步規範，然其餘相關法規皆附諸闕如，故呼籲相關學術單位或機關儘速進行研析及制定規範，以落實鄰近施工本土化的設計施工準則。
「地工技術」為國內大地工程資訊之傳播及交換重要平台，對國內大地工程技術之成長有莫大的貢獻；臺北捷運建設中有許多地下開挖之隧道與地下車站，其中不乏鄰近施工的案例，在本期刊登的文章中亦多所討論，希望藉由「地工技術」的平台來與地工界的朋友分享。大地工程技術為工程建設之本，且必須藉由經驗的累積與深入的探討方能成長，讓我們工程界的朋友們一起為地工技術的精進來努力，也祝福「地工技術」永續發展，繼續傳承工程技術並嘉惠大眾。

英文篇名

The Neighboring Construction and Influence on Existing Structures

作者

胡邵敏、何泰源

關鍵字

鄰近施工、預估變形量、監測管理、捷運工程、鄰房保護

摘要

城市建設往往集中在有限土地上進行工程施工，新建設在既有建物之鄰地施工時可因地層之應力改變，引致變形位移，進而影響舊建物之安全。捷運工程施工時，通常須要保護沿線附近既有結構物之穩定，及其工程施工完成，其後即可能反受沿線新建物開發施工之影響，形成相互間之複雜互制關係。鄰近施工是近年來大地工程極重視的新課題之一，本文旨在介紹大地工程鄰近施工之基本觀念，可能引致地層變形之常見土木施工工項為深開挖、潛盾隧道、基樁、連續壁及降水工程等。本文討論在調查階段即應確立其鄰近施工之主要檢討項目。在設計階段進行程度分級、施工影響評估方法與各項因應對策工法，及施工階段極為重要的監測作業與管理。文內最後引用國內兩則工程案例說明潛盾施工對既有橋墩之影響及保護方法與兩工地進行深開挖可能出現之相互影響，從而選擇最佳對策進行施工。

英文摘要

Urban developments are often carried out in congested area with limited space. Construction sites adjacent to existing structures are liable to induce ground movement that may cause structural damages. Protection of buildings close to any underground MRT construction sites become a must nowadays. However, once the MRT structures are completed, they may themselves be influenced by future new engineering activities along the MRT lines and hence needed to be protected. Therefore continual interactions among new sites with adjacent existing structures are important topics for recent geotechnical studies. This Paper introduces the basic concept of neighboring construction in civil engineering works that may likely induce ground movement, such as deep excavation, shield tunneling. piling, diaphragm wall trenching and dewatering of groundwater etc. This Paper suggests that the types of structures, their locations as related to the construction site should be critically reviewed and classified. Major items for review and implementation procedures are established. Other major topics like evaluation methods of the extent of influence to structures, construction strategy used to minimize possible damages and instrumentation monitoring are also included. Two local case studies are reported to demonstrate (a) the influence of shield tunneling on a bridge pier and the protection technique used, and (b) selection of construction procedures to reduce the cross influences between two adjacent deep excavation sites.

英文篇名

Evaluation of Ground Movements and Building Damage Potential Caused by Adjacent Underground Construction

作者

龔東慶、李德河、莊長賢

關鍵字

地盤變位、角變量、水平應變、鄰房損害

摘要

本文提出一個評估流程，可以用來估計於黏土地層進行鄰近施工造成之擋土設施和地盤變位量，以及評估鄰近工程之既有結構物損害潛能。這個評估流程包括三個步驟：(一)估計開挖造成擋土壁體變形量和地盤垂直與水平變形量、(二)評估在土壤-結構互制效應下，地盤變形量導致結構物之變形量，包括角變量和水平應變、(三)根據估計的建物角變量和水平應變，評估其損害潛能。為了提升評估效率，將上述三個步驟的評估方法予以公式化，並且導入可靠度的概念，分析結果可以更完整地提供給工程師做決策。

英文摘要

This paper presents an evaluation procedure for estimating movements of retaining system and ground caused by adjacent underground construction in clayey soils and also evaluating the damage potential of existing buildings adjacent to the site. The evaluation procedure includes three steps: (1) estimate excavation-induced wall deflection and vertical and lateral movements; (2) estimate ground movement-induced building deformation considering the soil-structure interaction effect; (3) evaluate the damage potential of buildings based on the estimated angular distortion and lateral strain of buildings. For upgrading the efficiency of evaluation, all methods included in the three steps have been formulated and incorporated with the reliability concept. The analytical results could provide more complete information to engineers for decision making.

英文篇名

The Construction Management and Strategies for Close Constructions

作者

李維峰、黃千紋、廖洪鈞

關鍵字

鄰近施工、施工管理、主體對策工法、輔助工法

摘要

對於國內即將面臨的鄰近施工挑戰，本文彙整國內、外經驗，透過開挖施工、軟土潛盾隧道、深基礎工程以及地盤改良等四種都會區常見鄰近施工型式與鄰近結構物相互影響的關係，提出了鄰近施工管理與對策工法研擬之原則，以供工程界於進行相關鄰近施工規劃設計之參考。

英文摘要

In this paper, the authors summarized the construction strategies and management for close construction such as deep excavation, soft ground shield tunneling, deep foundation and soil improvement. Purpose of this paper is hoped to be helpful to those engineers who encountered related challenges.

英文篇名

Case Study on Close-up Construction of Taipei MRT

作者

高宗正、陳俊宏、張修碩、趙志堅

關鍵字

潛盾隧道、鄰近施工、沉陷

摘要

臺北都會區地下捷運系統從初期路網於主要道路規劃，明挖工程距鄰近建物尚有一段距離且兩單孔潛盾隧道間皆保持6公尺之間距，然至後續路網規劃時，部分路線或明挖車站常需佈設於較窄之道路上，故設計時就要考量對鄰近既有建物及兩潛盾隧道間之鄰近問題。本文將以臺北捷運地下工程中潛盾隧道及明挖工程為例，來說明對鄰近施工如何納入設計考量及最後之成效，以供爾後鄰近施工設計及施工之參考。

英文摘要

With ample road width, tunnels were constructed at least 6 meters apart, and open-cut stations were at a good distance away from adjacent buildings for the first stage of Taipei MRT. For later stages of Taipei MRT, some tunnels and stations were restricted by the road width, therefore spacing between tunnels was reduced, and stations were excavated near adjacent buildings. Since then, close-up construction had become a very important issue at both design and construction stages. Some close-up cases of Taipei MRT regarding tunnel and station construction are reviewed discussed in this article. The results may be helpful for the planning and design of similar cases in the future.

英文篇名

The Control System of The Prohibition And Limits of Construction Along the Taipei MRT Route

作者

鄭國雄、陳俊宏

關鍵字

潛盾隧道、禁限建、監測系統

摘要

臺北捷運系統通車營運後，帶動都會區發展，沿線各種民間建築開發及公共工程建設都蓬勃進行，也因此對捷運設施安全造成威脅。基於保障捷運設施安全，兼顧業者開發權益，臺北捷運已訂定一套完備的禁限建管理制度，將審核作業標準化及系統化，供捷運管理單位及大眾遵循，運作至今堪稱順暢。文中即介紹這套管理制度的法令架構和重要內容。
目前臺北捷運已累積許多禁限建區內之近接施工案例，其中受鄰近開發案較大影響者為潛盾隧道。本文即列舉六則潛盾隧道受開挖影響案例，說明檢討各種保護措施的效果，對類似近接施工案例應極具參考價值。

英文摘要

Since the opening of Taipei MRT system, in Taipei metropolitan area, the development of the private buildings and public construction along the MRT route has been booming vigorously. However, the said construction actually brought great threat to the security of the MRT facilities. In order to ensure safety of the MRT relevant facilities and to protect land developers’ benefits, the Department of Rapid Transit Systems (DORTS) has set up a comprehensive control system of “prohibition and limits of construction”, which made the review operation more standardized and systematized. So far, the said system has been implemented successfully and smoothly by relevant MRT administration units and the public. This article aims to introduce the legal structure and other important content of the said system.
At present, DORTS has accumulated many practical examples of which received great impacts from the development projects carried out near the MRT construction “prohibition and limits of construction” area. Among them the bored tunnels bear the greatest ones. This article will take a number of six impacted bored tunnels as examples and discuss the effect of protective measure to each case. It is expected to provide valuable information to the similar construction projects as reference.

英文篇名

Application and Management of Adjacent Construction Along HSR Alignment

作者

陳江淮、沈銘閔、趙國祥

關鍵字

高速鐵路、鄰近施工、容許變位量、自動化即時監測系統、第三公正專業單位

摘要

由於高鐵營運安全的重要性及高標準的管理值，如何以更嚴謹管制措施，明確掌握可能造成高鐵結構發生變位的因素，是現階段高鐵鄰近施工管制重要課題。現行新建工程經主管機關確認屬未危及高鐵營運安全，無特別管制要件者，均列為一般工程案件逕行開發，其餘屬須管制對象即進行必要之管制及管控。管制措施包括(1)請照及設計階段、(2)申報開工階段及(3)施工期間及竣工申請等三個管制階段。管控措施係指興建單位應於工程施工期間，採用「自動化即時監測系統」，並由第三公正專業單位查核自動監測系統初始值、檢核監測資料與成果分析之正確性、確認新建工程對高鐵結構設施最終變形量等，此即為高鐵即時管控措施。由於各級政府、興建單位，對現行相關作業規定未充分了解，以致影響請照及開發時程，更甚者於禁限建範圍內逕行開發施工或未依核定計畫施工，已成為危及高鐵營運安全之潛在因素。本文即介紹現行高鐵鄰近施工設計至施工階段之申請程序及管制措施，並以高鐵鄰近施工影響實例說明高鐵鄰近施工管制與管控之必要性。

英文摘要

Due to the importance and high standards of management values HSR, it is a key issue of the present management of HSR adjacent construction to grasp the factors possible to lead to HSR structural displacement precisely and definitely by severe control measures. The current construction cases of safety for HSR with no special control required are listed as general engineering cases to develop directly whilst those identified unsafe are listed as controlled subjects with necessary management. The control measures include 3 control phases (1) license application and design, (2) construction start application and (3) under-construction and final settlement application. The monitoring measures indicate that the construction authority shall, during the under-construction period, adopt the “automated real time monitoring system” and have the independent third party appraise the initial values of automated monitoring system, check the accuracy of monitoring data and result analysis and identify the final deformation of construction on HSR structural facilities, which are the HSR automated real time monitoring measures. Due to the deficient understanding of governments at all levels and construction companies about the current enforced related operating regulations, the license application and development schedule will be impacted; moreover, the direct development and construction without authorization in restrained areas or construction not in compliance with approved plans has become the potential factor to damage the HSR operation safety. This paper introduces the application procedures and control measures of design to construction of HSR adjacent construction and illustrates the necessity of control and management concerned by case study.

英文篇名

Construction Management Applied to a Multi-Tunnel Crossing－Taking Sectional Contract CK570H on the Xinzhung Line as an Example

作者

張武訓、詹榮鋒、陳建宏

關鍵字

RJP高壓灌漿、潛盾隧道掘進綜合管理系統

摘要

捷運新莊線CK570H區段標東門站工程，東門站是新莊線及信義線的交會車站，其中有兩條新莊線隧道連通至中和線的古亭站，另兩條信義線的隧道是連通至淡水線的中正紀念堂站，這四條捷運隧道由於地形地物的關係，必須在中正國中旁的杭州南路下方交會重疊施工，其相鄰隧道最接近處約3m，且隧道呈S形的線形，最小半徑為200m，故須先行採灌漿方式進行地盤改良施工後，再進行隧道鑽掘，且鑽掘過後，也須保護先行完成之隧道，才可進行後續隧道施工，其困難度為國內在最狹小區域進行多條隧道交叉重疊施工案，希藉由本文之探討分析，提供本土化施工管理參考與應用。

英文摘要

The Xinzhuang line and thd Xinyi line intersect at Dongmen Station, with two of the four tunnels connecting to Guting Station on the Zhonghe line and the other two stretching to Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Station on the Danshui line. Due to topographical considerations, the crossing of the four tunnels was built beneath Hangzhou South Road near Zhongzheng Junior High School. The closest any of the tunnels come to each other is approximately three meters. As the tunnels extend out in an S-shape with a minimum radius of 200meters, grouting ground treatment had to be completed before excavation. After excavation is completed,the tunnel needs to be protected before proceeding with the subsequent construction. By examining the difficulties of constructing Taiwan’s first-ever crossed tunnels, this article aims to gain valuable suggestions from precursors in related domestic industries so as to assure a safe and efficient completion of construction.

英文篇名

Further Case Study on Neighboring Shield Tunnelling Constructions-Examples in Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Project

作者

趙際禮、劉育志

關鍵字

鄰近施工、潛盾施工、地盤改良

摘要

由於大眾捷運系統多在都會區內施作，因此潛盾隧道鄰近構造物施工的情形也相當普遍，例如穿越大樓、橋樑、鐵道等下方。此類在潛盾隧道施工路線上遭遇重要構造物時，需對其進行影響程度評估並決定應採取之適當掘進參數、保護措施及監測對策。本文針對部份高雄捷運部接施工案例再予補充，說明相關處理方式，供日後類似施工之參考。

英文摘要

Constructing shield tunnels near existing structures such as passing underneath buildings, bridges or railways has become more and more common in metropolitan rapid transit projects. For these works it is quite essential to assess the construction impact level, adjust drilling parameters by feedback analysis, arrange monitoring systems based on the behaviors of the existing structure and perform protection countermeasures such as ground improvement. Some cases of the shield tunnel construction near existing structures in Kaohsiung Metropolitan Rapid Transit project will be introduced in this article as a reference for similar projects in the future.

英文篇名

Design Construction and Case Study of Underpinning

作者

蔡立盛、何泰源

關鍵字

鄰近施工、托底、監測系統

摘要

本文介紹新建結構物於營運中之大型或重要既有結構物下方時，可採擇之托底工法種類、特性及應用變遷。台灣都會區大眾運輸系統等地下結構物將愈趨密集，且可用土地漸稀，預期未來新建地下結構鄰近既有結構物之施工情形將會與日俱增，工程內容亦愈趨複雜。有鑑於此，本文綜合整理日本托底工法最新發展趨勢及設計施工時注意事項，同時介紹二個典型托底工法案例，提供未來類似工程保護方案擬定之參考。

英文摘要

This paper introduces the variety, characteristic and application history of underpinning adopted when the new underground structural passing through the existing structure of being operation. The adjacent construction is getting increasing as the more intensive future transportation systems will be built. In view of this, this paper integrates the new trend of underpinning applied on the adjacent construction in Japan. In addition, two underpinning case studies are included in this paper. It is expected that the underpinning described in this paper can be served as the reference basis of future engineering protection project.

英文篇名

Study on Applicability of Construction Machinery of Neighboring Construction

作者

柯武德、何泰源

關鍵字

鄰近施工、施工機具

摘要

國內各項工程之鄰近施工需求日愈增加，此類之施工須依事前調查結果，進行影響程度評估，決定施工方法與其施工機具。本文針對基礎工程、擋土壁工程、地盤改良工程等與既有結構物之鄰近施工的施工機具做一適用性探討，以提供爾後類似工程施工機具選用之參考。

英文摘要

The Neighboring constructions of local structures increase everyday. The result of this type of constructions should be investigated beforehand. Then, the degree of influence should be evaluated and last, the construction method and construction Machinery should be decided. This study investigates the construction equipments and tools used, foundation work, retaining wall work and ground improvement work to provide information for investigations of similar future works.

作者

林永光、陳瑞禾

摘要

作者

高秋振

摘要